R语言基础（五）：统计图形
install.packages(c("vcd", "plotrix", "sm", "vioplot"))条形图
par(ask=TRUE)
opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # save original parameter settings
library(vcd)## Loading required package: gridcounts <- table(Arthritis$Improved)
counts##
## None Some Marked
## 42 14 28简单条形图
# vertical barplot
barplot(counts,
main="Simple Bar Plot",
xlab="Improvement", ylab="Frequency")
水平条形图
# horizontal bar plot
barplot(counts,
main="Horizontal Bar Plot",
xlab="Frequency", ylab="Improvement",
horiz=TRUE)
堆砌条形图
# obtain 2-way frequency table
library(vcd)
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved, Arthritis$Treatment)
counts##
## Placebo Treated
## None 29 13
## Some 7 7
## Marked 7 21# stacked barplot
barplot(counts,
main="Stacked Bar Plot",
xlab="Treatment", ylab="Frequency",
col=c("red", "yellow","green"),
legend=rownames(counts)) 
分组条形图
# grouped barplot
barplot(counts,
main="Grouped Bar Plot",
xlab="Treatment", ylab="Frequency",
col=c("red", "yellow", "green"),
legend=rownames(counts), beside=TRUE)
均值条形图
排序后均值的条形图：
states <- data.frame(state.region, state.x77)
means <- aggregate(states$Illiteracy, by=list(state.region), FUN=mean)
means## Group.1 x
## 1 Northeast 1.000
## 2 South 1.738
## 3 North Central 0.700
## 4 West 1.023means <- means[order(means$x),]
means## Group.1 x
## 3 North Central 0.700
## 1 Northeast 1.000
## 4 West 1.023
## 2 South 1.738barplot(means$x, names.arg=means$Group.1)
title("Mean Illiteracy Rate") 
图形的调整
library(vcd)
attach(Arthritis)
par(las=2) # set label text perpendicular to the axis
par(mar=c(5,8,4,2)) # increase the y-axis margin
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved) # get the data for the bars# produce the graph
barplot(counts,
main="Treatment Outcome", horiz=TRUE, cex.names=0.8,
names.arg=c("No Improvement", "Some Improvement", "Marked Improvement")
)
par(opar)棘状图
# Spinograms
counts <- table(Treatment,Improved)
spine(counts, main="Spinogram Example")
detach(Arthritis)饼图
使用rainbow() 函数定义了各扇形的颜色。
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
slices <- c(10, 12,4, 16, 8)
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")
pie(slices, labels = lbls,
main="Simple Pie Chart")
pct <- round(slices/sum(slices)*100);pct ## [1] 20 24 8 32 16lbls <- paste(lbls, pct)
lbls <- paste(lbls,"%",sep="")
pie(slices,labels = lbls, col=rainbow(length(lbls)),
main="Pie Chart with Percentages")
library(plotrix)
pie3D(slices, labels=lbls,explode=0.1,
main="3D Pie Chart ")
mytable <- table(state.region)
lbls <- paste(names(mytable), "\n", mytable, sep="")
pie(mytable, labels = lbls,
main="Pie Chart from a dataframe\n (with sample sizes)")
par(opar)# Fan plots
library(plotrix)
slices <- c(10, 12,4, 16, 8)
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")
fan.plot(slices, labels = lbls, main="Fan Plot")
直方图
# simple histogram 1
hist(mtcars$mpg)
# colored histogram with specified number of bins
hist(mtcars$mpg,
breaks=12,
col="red",
xlab="Miles Per Gallon",
main="Colored histogram with 12 bins")
# colored histogram with rug plot, frame, and specified number of bins
hist(mtcars$mpg,
freq=FALSE,
breaks=12,
col="red",
xlab="Miles Per Gallon",
main="Histogram, rug plot, density curve")
rug(jitter(mtcars$mpg))
lines(density(mtcars$mpg), col="blue", lwd=2)
# histogram with superimposed normal curve (Thanks to Peter Dalgaard)
x <- mtcars$mpg
h<-hist(x,
breaks=12,
col="red",
xlab="Miles Per Gallon",
main="Histogram with normal curve and box")
xfit<-seq(min(x),max(x),length=40)
yfit<-dnorm(xfit,mean=mean(x),sd=sd(x))
yfit <- yfit*diff(h$mids[1:2])*length(x)
lines(xfit, yfit, col="blue", lwd=2)
box()
核密度图
d <- density(mtcars$mpg) # returns the density data
plot(d) # plots the results 
d <- density(mtcars$mpg)
plot(d, main="Kernel Density of Miles Per Gallon")
polygon(d, col="red", border="blue")
rug(mtcars$mpg, col="brown") 
par(lwd=2)
library(sm)## Package 'sm', version 2.2-5.4: type help(sm) for summary informationattach(mtcars)
# create value labels
cyl.f <- factor(cyl, levels= c(4, 6, 8), labels = c("4 cylinder", "6 cylinder", "8 cylinder"))
# plot densities
sm.density.compare(mpg, cyl, xlab="Miles Per Gallon")
title(main="MPG Distribution by Car Cylinders")
箱线图
并列箱线图进行跨组比较
# parallel box plots
boxplot(mpg~cyl,data=mtcars,
main="Car Milage Data",
xlab="Number of Cylinders",
ylab="Miles Per Gallon")
###含凹槽的箱线图
# notched box plots
boxplot(mpg~cyl,data=mtcars,
notch=TRUE,
varwidth=TRUE,
col="red",
main="Car Mileage Data",
xlab="Number of Cylinders",
ylab="Miles Per Gallon")## Warning in bxp(structure(list(stats = structure(c(21.4, 22.8, 26, 30.4, :
## some notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
两个交叉因子的箱线图
# create a factor for number of cylinders
mtcars$cyl.f <- factor(mtcars$cyl,
levels=c(4,6,8),
labels=c("4","6","8"))
# create a factor for transmission type
mtcars$am.f <- factor(mtcars$am,
levels=c(0,1),
labels=c("auto","standard"))
# generate boxplot
boxplot(mpg ~ am.f *cyl.f,
data=mtcars,
varwidth=TRUE,
col=c("gold", "darkgreen"),
main="MPG Distribution by Auto Type",
xlab="Auto Type")
小提琴图
library(vioplot)
x1 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==4]
x2 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==6]
x3 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==8]
vioplot(x1, x2, x3,
names=c("4 cyl", "6 cyl", "8 cyl"),
col="gold")
title("Violin Plots of Miles Per Gallon")
点图
点图提供了一种在简单水平刻度上绘制大量有标签值的方法
# dot chart
dotchart(mtcars$mpg,labels=row.names(mtcars),cex=.7,
main="Gas Mileage for Car Models",
xlab="Miles Per Gallon")
x <- mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),]
x$cyl <- factor(x$cyl)
x$color[x$cyl==4] <- "red"
x$color[x$cyl==6] <- "blue"
x$color[x$cyl==8] <- "darkgreen"
dotchart(x$mpg,
labels = row.names(x),
cex=.7,
pch=19,
groups = x$cyl,
gcolor = "black",
color = x$color,
main = "Gas Mileage for Car Models\ngrouped by cylinder",
xlab = "Miles Per Gallon")
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